How To Help A Friend By Selwyn Hughes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Step by step instructions to Help A Friend By Selwyn Hughes - Essay Example In â€Å"How To Help A Friend† Selwyn centers around how to approach the directing service. Though the creator likewise embraces the mental standards in guiding, note that the establishment of directing in â€Å"How To Help A Friend,† is simply a Christian methodology. The model that Hughes proposes is secured on the lessons of the Bible on qualities and how to carry on with an exemplary life before the Lord God. It is a firm establishment of Christian living and Christian perspective on the contemporary world. Hughes offers a rich and fluctuates method of helping companions, family and the congregation through a troublesome circumstance through Christian way to deal with guiding. One may see that by putting together his model with respect to Biblical standards and bits of knowledge, Hughes disentangles the way toward directing. He centers around the significance of correspondence during the directing procedure as a crucial strategy. Hughes additionally offers direction especially for youngsters in the congregation who face personality emergency, for example, the subject of â€Å"who am I?† For Hughes, human conduct might be viewed because of possibility. On the viability of the recommended directing methods with regards to a neighborhood church and the proposed abilities application in the Christian guiding procedure, Hughes model would apply as follows. In light of the uniqueness of Christian directing, the setting of a neighborhood church is better drawn closer from the section. There is the adolescent service, the congregation all in all and the congregation authority. Hughes model would apply in totality for all the segments.â ... In explicit setting, utilizing Hughes viewpoints, a Christian advisor should encourage a successful directing through joining in, adoring, tuning in, respectful burrowing for data, reacting and ending the meetings. In any case, when Christian advisor has recognized a circumstance and interceded, the guide is encouraged to give the counselee a full focus. This is accomplished through giving the counselee a decent eye to eye connection. Their stance and non-verbal communication ought to impart that the instructor is calm with the counselee. This is the establishment of the directing and it sets reason for the remainder of the meetings (Collins, 2007, p. 89). A Christian advisor should likewise move toward the guiding with unequivocal love regardless of the circumstance. Hughes way to deal with directing with affection depends on Jesus educating on the need not to pass judgment on others (John 8:1-11) and articulation of certified love for other people (as exhibited in Luke 7: 36-50). A long these lines, a Christian instructor should move toward all the counselees with the adoration for God that Jesus stressed in his lessons. Hughes strategy of moving toward guiding with adoration may likewise be believed to be attracted to be tied down on Jesus encouraging that we love each other similarly as he has cherished us. He stated, â€Å"This is my decree that you love each other (John 15:12-17).† The viability of this methodology is that it permits a Christian advisor to recognize the emotions that an individual from the nearby church might be encountering. The subject could be encountering outrage, misfortunes or dissatisfactions. At the point when the instructor reflects back such emotions to the subject, this is probably going to make a sentiment of being comprehended and thought about inside their one of a kind circumstances with adoration. It causes one to open up. When managing for

Night World The Chosen Chapter 8 Free Essays

string(36) to be certain it wasn’t a trap. Well?† Daphne said. â€Å"I think it’s the slave trade.† What's more, Rashel thought, I think I was correct this is something important. We will compose a custom article test on Night World : The Chosen Chapter 8 or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The Night World slave exchange had been prohibited quite a while prior back in medieval days, in the event that she recollected the tales effectively. The Council evidently had concluded that seizing people and offering them to Night People for food or delight was simply excessively risky. In any case, it seemed as though Quinn may be restoring it, presumably without the Council’s consent. How ambitious of him. I was directly about murdering him, as well, Rashel thought. There’s no decision now. He’s as awful as I envisioned and more regrettable. Daphne was goggling. â€Å"They were going to make me a slave?† she nearly hollered. â€Å"Sh.† Rashel looked at the man behind the donut counter. â€Å"I think so. Well-a slave and a kind of ceaseless food flexibly on the off chance that you were offered to vampires. Likely just supper on the off chance that you were going to werewolves.† Daphne’s lips rehashed werewolves quietly. In any case, Rashel was talking again before she could get some information about it. â€Å"Look, Daphne-did you get any thought regarding where you may be going? You said they referenced a vessel. Be that as it may, a pontoon to where? What city?† â€Å"I don’t know. They never discussed any city. They just said the pontoon was ready†¦ and something about an auntie clave.† She articulated it ont-clave. â€Å"The young lady stated, ‘When we get to the auntie clave†¦'† Daphne severed as Rashel got her wrist. â€Å"An enclave,† Rashel murmured. Slender chills of fervor were going through her. â€Å"They were talking about an enclave.† Daphne gestured, looking frightened. â€Å"I guess.† This was enormous. This was†¦ greater than enormous. It was mind blowing. A vampire enclave. The captured young ladies were being taken to one of the shrouded enclaves, one of the mystery fortresses no vampire tracker had ever figured out how to infiltrate. No human had even found the area of one. On the off chance that I could get there†¦ in the event that I could get in†¦ She could learn enough to decimate an entire town of vampires. Completely destroy an enclave. She realized she could. â€Å"Uh, Rashel? You’re harming me.† â€Å"Sorry.† Rashel let go of Daphne’s arm. â€Å"Now, listen,† she said furiously. â€Å"I spared your life, isn't that so? That is to say, they would do awful things to you. So you owe me, right?† â€Å"Yeah, sure; sure, I owe you.† Daphne made appeasing movements with her hands. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Yes. I’m fine. Be that as it may, I need your assistance. I need you to disclose to me everything about that club. All that I need to get in-and get chosen.† Daphne gazed at her. â€Å"I’m sorry; you’re crazy.† â€Å"No, no. I recognize what I’m doing. For whatever length of time that they don’t know I’m a vampire tracker, it’ll be alright. I have to get to that enclave.† Daphne gradually shook her blondie head. â€Å"What, you’re going to, as, kill them all? Without anyone else? Can’t we simply tell the police?† â€Å"Not without anyone else. I could take two or three other vampire trackers to support me. What's more, with respect to the police†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Rashel halted and murmured. â€Å"Okay. I surmise there are a few things I ought to clarify. At that point possibly you’ll comprehend better.† She raised her eyes and took a gander at Daphne consistently. â€Å"First, I should inform you regarding the Night World. See, even before you met those vampires, didn’t you ever have the inclination that there was something shocking going on, directly nearby our reality and completely turned inside out in it?† She made it as straightforward as possible, and attempted to respond to Daphne’s questions quietly. What's more, finally, Daphne sat back, looking wiped out and more alarmed than Rashel had seen her yet. â€Å"They’re all over,† Daphne stated, as though she still didn’t trust it. â€Å"In the police divisions. In the government. Also, nobody’s ever had the option to take care of them.† â€Å"The just individuals who’ve had any achievement are the ones who work subtly, in little gatherings or alone. We remain covered up. We’re cautious. Also, we remove them, individually. That’s being a vampire hunter.† She inclined forward. â€Å"Now do you see why it’s so significant for me to get to that enclave? It’s a possibility to get at an entire pack of them at the same time, to clear out one of their concealing spots. Also halting the slave exchange. Don’t you figure it ought to be stopped?† Daphne opened her mouth, shut it once more. â€Å"Okay,† she said at last, and murmured. â€Å"I’ll help. I can let you know what to discuss, the proper behavior. At any rate what worked for me.† She positioned her head. â€Å"You’re going to need to dress differently†¦.† â€Å"I’ll get several other vampire trackers and we’ll meet tomorrow after school. Let’s state six-thirty. At the present time, I’m taking you home. You have to sleep.† She held back to check whether Daphne would question, yet the other young lady just gestured and moaned once more. â€Å"Yeah. You know, after a portion of the things I’ve learned, home’s beginning to look good.† â€Å"Just one more thing,† Rashel said. â€Å"You can’t educate anyone concerning what befell you. Let them know anything-that you fled, whatever-yet not reality. Okay?† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"And particularly don’t educate anybody regarding me. OK? My life may rely upon it.† â€Å"Elliot’s not here.† The voice on the phone was cold and as unfriendly as Rashel had ever heard it. â€Å"Vicky, I have to converse with him. Or then again someone. I’m letting you know, this is our opportunity to get to an enclave. The young lady from the distribution center heard them discussing it.† It was Friday evening and Rashel was calling from a stall close to her school. Vicky was talking intensely. â€Å"We marked out that road for a considerable length of time and didn’t see anything, yet you just happened to be in the opportune spot at the ideal time to help a young lady escape.† â€Å"Yes. I previously told you.† â€Å"Well, that was helpful, wasn’t it?† Rashel held the handset all the more firmly. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"Just that it would be a perilous thing, setting off to a vampire enclave. What's more, that an individual would have to truly believe whoever was giving them the data about it. You’d must be certain it wasn’t a snare. You read Night World : The Chosen Chapter 8 in classification Article examples† Rashel gazed at the telephone catches, controlling her relaxing. â€Å"I see.† â€Å"Yes, well, you don’t have a lot of validity around here any longer. Not since allowing that vampire to vampire away. Furthermore, this seems like only the kind of thing you’d do in the event that you were in on it with them.† Incredible, Rashel thought. I’ve figured out how to persuade her that I truly am a vampire supporter. So anyone might hear she stated, â€Å"Is that what Nyala is telling everyone? That I’m working with the Night World?† â€Å"I don’t realize what Nyala is doing.† Vicky sounded waspish and somewhat uncomfortable. â€Å"I haven’t seen her since Tuesday and no one answers at her house.† Rashel attempted to make her voice quiet and sensible. â€Å"Will you in any event reveal to Elliot what I’m doing? At that point he can call me on the off chance that he needs to.† â€Å"Don’t hold your breath,† Vicky stated, and hung up. Amazing. Awesome. Rashel supplanted the handset thinking about whether she wasn’t expected to hold her breath until Elliot called, or until Vicky passed on the message. One thing was clear: she couldn’t rely on any assistance from the Lancers. Or then again some other vampire trackers. Nyala could be spreading any sort of bits of gossip, and Rashel didn’t dare even call another gathering. There was no decision. She’d need to do only it. That night she went to Daphne’s house. â€Å"Well, she’s grounded,† Mrs. Childs said at the entryway. She was a little lady with an infant in one hand, a Spoils in the other, and a little child gripping her leg. â€Å"But I surmise you can go upstairs.† Upstairs, Daphne needed to drive a more youthful sister out of the room before Rashel could plunk down. â€Å"You it couldn't be any more obvious, I don’t even have a room of my own,† she said. â€Å"And you’re grounded. Be that as it may, you’re alive,† Rashel stated, and caused a commotion. â€Å"Hi.† â€Å"Oh. Hi.† Daphne looked humiliated. At that point she grinned, sitting leg over leg on her bed. â€Å"You’re wearing typical clothes.† Rashel looked down at her sweater and pants. â€Å"Yeah, the ninja outfit’s simply my vocation uniform.† Daphne smiled. â€Å"Well, you’re as yet must appear to be unique if you’re going to get into the club. Should we start now, or would you like to hang tight for the others?† Rashel gazed at a column of fragrance bottles on the dresser over the room. â€Å"There aren’t going to be any others.† â€Å"But I thought you said†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Look. It’s difficult to clarify, yet I’ve had a little issue with the vampire trackers around here. So I’m doing it without them. It’s no issue. We can begin now.† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Daphne tightened her lips. She appeared to be unique from the rumpled wild animal Rashel had safeguarded from the road the previous evening. Her light hair was delicate and soft, her cornflower blue eyes were huge furthermore, guiltless, her face was round and

#9 Dream

#9 Dream DID YOU KNOW? Stonehenge is not in Scotland. Okay, another cop-out entry in the midst of studying for finals. Go read Mollies blog; shes a senior, so she doesnt have finals. Today, Mitra awoke me with a knock at the door and the simple statement Your alarm has been going off for over an hour. Okay. said I, shut the door, rectified the problem, and snuggled back into bed for another hour or so. Turns out that I was having a wonderfully noisy dream about a Course 10 07 and a Course 10 08 involved in a huge championship boxing match, and I was in the control room where they were telling you what camera to go to and whatever. Anyway, the 07 was really fast and dodging all the punches that the 08 through, and as a result she was totally beating him down. Later that day I was bored ripping posters from the walls of my rooms, so I e-mailed the 07 with a description of the dream I had. She responded with amusement, and a non-sequitir that Pulitzer Prize-winning composer and MIT Institute Professor John Harbison is teaching 21M.500L Senior Seminar in Music next term. 21M.500 Senior Seminar in Music ______ Undergrad (Fall) HASS Elective Prereq: 21M.302 and two 21M.2xx subjects Units: 3-0-9 Add to schedule Lecture: MW3.30-5 (4-160) ______ Develop analytic and research skills in music. Focus upon a small number of important works, which are studied in depth. Strong emphasis upon student presentations and discussion, and a substantial writing project. J. Harbison And best of all, I have the prereqs for it! So much for taking only four classes in my senior year. All because of a crazy boxing dream I had. Dreams. Maybe were made of dreams. NEXT UP: Pictures of my ex-room Current Top 5 iTunes playlist for studying, and also so you can judge how cool I am as a person by my musical taste: Free As A Bird The Beatles (1995) For the Widows in Paradise, for the Fatherless in Ypsilanti Sufjan Stevens Sad-Eyed Lady of the Lowlands Bob Dylan The Mollusk Ween Birdland Patti Smith

Research Paper on Anabolic-androgenic Steroids - 2116 Words

Research Paper on Anabolic-androgenic Steroids Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a group of hormones, which includes the natural male hormone, testosterone, and a number of synthetic compounds. Anabolic refers to muscle building, while androgenic refers to increased masculine characteristics. Anabolic effects are basically muscle growth. Androgenic effects produce secondary male sex characteristics like facial hair, body hair, deepening of the voice, and so on. In the 1950s scientists were trying to isolate the muscle building properties without the masculinizing effects. This lead to the development of synthetic anabolic steroids. The word steroid simply means a class of drugs. Steroids are hormones†¦show more content†¦Overall steroids are illegal, and dangerous, but they are still used by many people. Steroids go straight to the bloodstream, quicker if they are injected. When taken orally they first go through the liver. Basically steroids work like this: A steroid enters the bloodstream and is carried into the muscle cell by diffusion then it binds to a receptor site. (These are certain areas in a cell that are receptive to free-floating molecules in the blood). The connection formed lets the steroid send a message to the receptor site to have some sort of a metabolic change in the cell. This is primarily increased protein synthesis and nitrogen retention (Taylor 143-145). This leads to increased size and strength in the muscle cell. There are a number of ways that anabolic steroids are used including medical uses. Some people take steroids orally, by injection, or by rubbing gels or creams onto skin. Abusers take 10-100 times larger doses than would be prescribed by a doctor (Blue and Lombardo 98). Stacking is a way of using. This means the abuser takes two or more different anabolic steroids. Sometimes they mix oral and injectable types. Some people even use compounds that are used for veterinary uses. These abusers who use stacking think that the effect of the mixing of the drugs will have a greater affect than using them alone. This theory has now been scientifically researched though (Blue and LombardoShow MoreRelatedShould Steroids Be Illegal For Athletes?900 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"If steroids are illegal for athletes, then why isn’t photoshop illegal for models?†. Documented steroid usage has increased significantly over the past decade, however this paper contends that with the help of medical research, medical surveys and first hand experience, I will demonstrate steroids are not as hazardous as the general public perceives steroids to be. As steroid use continues to be identified in the news, a growing trend in America and all over the world right n ow seems to be askingRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Sports779 Words   |  4 Pagesin sports. I have found many topics to talk about and the first one I have chosen to write about is steroids in sports. I wanted to choose this topic because I’m a very athletic person myself and I thought that this topic is perfect for me, I found my research on www.health.ny.gov/publications/1210/ and from here this is how I got all my information from. Many athletes now a days are taking steroids, why is that? Is it to make a squad, or impress a member of the opposite sex? There really isn tRead MoreThe Use Of Steroid Use Used On Recreational Activities910 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of steroids in recreational activities has many consequences on those who take the risk and use steroids. The writer of this paper takes a stand against the use of steroids because of the many negative aspects of them. Steroids have a very great number of physical and mental repercussions. Steroids come in different ways, and each has a different purpose, just as each has a different repercussion. After examining this paper, readers should be more informed about the life threatening risksRead MoreSteroid Use Of Bodybuilding And Steroids889 Words   |  4 PagesSteroid Use in Bodybuilding Chayla Vines Clover Park Technical College Abstract [The abstract should be one paragraph of between 150 and 250 words. It is not indented. Section titles, such as the word Abstract above, are not considered headings so they don’t use bold heading format. Instead, use the Section Title style. This style automatically starts your section on a new page, so you don’t have to add page breaks. Note that all of the styles for this template are available on the Home tabRead More Anabolic Steroids Use by Athletes: A Threat to Body and Mind2344 Words   |  10 PagesAnything of worth or value in life must be worked for. -- Ralph Waldo Emerson In the world of sports today, anabolic/androgenic steroid use is a vast problem. Since its’ introduction into Russian weightlifting, it has been expanding with no signs of stopping. It has spread into every major sport, with usage by every age and race. The use continues to grow, even with a lengthy list of serious health, legal, and ethical concerns. Because of our societys adoration of muscle, athletes put theirRead MoreSteriods in Sports Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pageshelp of steroids. There is a current debate of allowing steroids to be legal in sports. Steroids should not be allowed in sports. Some people ask why. This research paper will give those people just a few of the many reasons why it should not be allowed. Through examining dangers of steroid abuse, ethics in sports, and characteristics of individuals who take and use steroids, it is evident that steroids should not be allowed in sports. First I will examine the dangers of steroid abuse. Steroids effectsRead MoreEssay on Steroids: A Growing Role in Society2938 Words   |  12 PagesSteroids: A Growing Role in Society Dear Mr.: Here is my research project on steroids and its effect on society. While conducting my research I have learned that steroids are becoming a serious and dangerous problem in society. I believe that my research project would be a good reference for anyone interested in the science and culture of steroids in America. Some of the topics I covered in my project are topics that have for the most part been ignored by most scholarly works on steroidsRead MoreProfessional Athletes and Drug Use Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesand Drug Use This research paper is about athletes and their use of drugs. The drug that is most frequently used by athletes is alcohol. Most athletes who use drugs do not get the punishment that they deserve instead they receive punishment that is too lenient. The penalties for professional athletes who use drugs are too lenient, they should be more severe. Examples of drugs that are used by most athletes are the following: Anabolic Steroids, Dietary supplements, BloodRead MoreShould Anabolic Steroid Use Be Legalized?1821 Words   |  8 Pagesdebate to legalize anabolic steroid use. Since I was a young boy, I have seen several players stripped of titles, achievements, and even careers. In one scandal, Barry Bonds stripped of his home run record title for suspected steroid use. Years later, Lance Armstrong was stripped of all seven of his Tour de France titles for using anabolic steroids. While steroid use seems to be a common occurrence in the last few years, some supporters have risen to speak in favor of having steroids legalized in the

Distinguishing Between Normal Teenage Angst and Clinical...

It is not uncommon to hear stories about a teenager experiencing mood swings and rebelling against those in authority. Nor is it uncommon to experience general sadness or anxiety in high school and college. However, it is often difficult to tell the difference between normal teenage angst and clinical depression. It is not commonly known that there has recently been a staggering rise of depression in adolescents. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, one in twelve adolescents in the United States suffer from depression, which is 8.3 % of the teenage population. In order to combat the problem of adolescent depression, it is essential that parents take an active role in their adolescent’s life by both acknowledging and†¦show more content†¦One theory, argued by Peter Gray, a research psychologist at Boston College, is that the rise in adolescent depression is due not only to the adolescent’s feeling of lack of control over his or her life but also a shift from intrinsic goals to extrinsic goals. Gray explains that teenagers in our modern society do not feel as if they have control over their lives even though it may appear that we do have more control over factors such as disease and wealth. Julien Rotter’s questionnaire is used to measure a person’s sense of control, and Gray points out that the scores of modern day indicate that the average young person in 2002 was more â€Å"external† than were â€Å"80% of the young people in the 1960’s.† This means that teenagers today have the attitude that what is supposed to happen will, indicating a sense of lack of control over a situation, which is one of the main reasons depression and anxiety occur. (Gray, Dramatic Rise) Along with this idea, Gray references Jean Twenge when he argues that there has been a shift from more personal goals to more worldly goals in teenagers. Twenge found that more adolescents are forming extrinsic goals, or †Å"those that have to do with material rewards and other people’s judgments† rather than intrinsic goals which have to do with â€Å"one’s own development as a person.† Because

Essay On My Last Duchess - 789 Words

I compared and contrasted the attitudes the women give toward the speaker in the poems â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† and â€Å"My Last Duchess.† I was able to do this by using elements like speaker, figurative language, and tone. To show how the poets reveal the attitudes that the women give off. In the poems â€Å"My Last Duchess† and â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† the speaker expresses throughout their poem that they exclusively only want to use women for pleasure and convenience. This was inferred based on their tone and figurative language used in the poem. The speakers used a different and unusual tone and style in order to get their message about women across to us. In My Last Duchess, the tone of the speaker has a tone that seems like a bragger/show off type†¦show more content†¦At the end of the poem he stops talking about the painting and he talks to the representative of a count, whose niece he wishes to marry. Now, at line 51 to 53 he says, Of mine for dowry will be disallowedÍ ¾/Though his fair daughters self, as I avowed/ At starting, is my object. The authors diction (word choice) using the word object further confirms that the Duke objectifies women. He doesn’t just say that he cares about the women or the marriage, instead he says that she’s his object. That infers that he will own her, as if she is just an item for display, like the painting of his last duchess. Lastly in â€Å"My Last Duchess† at the very end of the poem, in line 54, he starts to talk about another piece of art, this makes it seem like just showing off his property (which he is). Showing off his property, further confirms that he views women as objects and not people (Objectifies). Then in the poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, the speaker feelings at first seem very strong, but then prove to be only normal flirtations that are normally associated with the time period. He shows himself to possibly be a half decent character by saying, â€Å"Nor would I love at lower rate,† which refers to the lady and her virginity. By this line, he is telling her that he will still love her, regardless of whatever intimate or non-intimate relations they may pursue. But he only tells her this in order toShow MoreRelatedEssay on my last duchess684 Words   |  3 Pagesliterary techniques to clearly convey the personalities of their speakers. In â€Å"My Last Duchess†, Robert Browning uses point of view, diction, and imagery to achieve a powerful effect, underlining the attitude and personality of the Duke. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In a dramatic monologue, character development is based on what the speaker says, and how he says it. In â€Å"My Last Duchess†, the speaker of the monologue addresses a fictional audience, and the reader isRead MoreEssay On My Last Duchess797 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem: â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning gives a haunting look into the thoughts of a possible murderer. From the first reading one can deduce that the â€Å"Last Duchess† was murdered by the Duke. While the motive for the murder is not blatantly expressed, a deeper reading reveals that the Duke became aware of his wife’s rampant infidelity. This betrayal drove the Duke into a fit of jealous rage in which he murdered his wife in cold blood. So, â€Å"...twas not/ Her husband’s presence only, calledRead More Analysis of My Last Duchess Essay585 Words   |  3 Pages‘My Last Duchess’ is a poem written by Robert Browning in 1845. It’s a first person narrative of a duke who is showing the ambassador around his palace and negotiating his marriage to the daughter of another powerful family. As they are walking through the palace, the duke stops and looks at the beautiful portrait of his lovely last duchess. The duke speaks his thoughts about the girl, and as the poem progresses we begin to realize that his last duchess had been murdered. â€Å"†¦I gave commandsRead MoreComparison of ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ and ‘My Last Duchess’ Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pages‘Porphyria’s Lover’ and ‘My Last Duchess’ are both poems by the Victorian poet Robert Browning. In this essay I will compare these two poems to find similarities and differences. Both of these poems can be used read from different points of view and they could also be used to show how society treated women in the Nineteenth Century: as assets, possessions. Both of these poems are what are known as a dramatic monologue as well as being written in the first person. The whole poem is only one stanzaRead MoreAnalysis of the Duke in Brownings My Last Duchess Essay494 Words   |  2 PagesAnalysis of Duke In My Last Duchess, by Robert Browning, the character of Duke is portrayed as having controlling, jealous, and arrogant traits. These traits are not all mentioned verbally, but mainly through his actions. In the beginning of the poem the painting of the Dukes wife is introduced to us: Thats my last Duchess painted on the wall,/ looking as of she were still alive (1-2). These lines leave us with the suspicion that the Duchess is no longer alive, but at this point were areRead More Porphyria’s Lover, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory Essay2600 Words   |  11 PagesPorphyria’s Lover, My Last Duchess and The Laboratory In this essay I hope to prove that Robert Browning’s murder mystery poems are fulfilled with intrigue and excitement. I also hope to prove that in his poems he creates vivid characters and uses poetic techniques to expose a world of madness and wickedness. To show that the statements above are true I will be writing about the characters, the poetic features in each poem and the madness and wickedness in each poem. This essay will include threeRead MoreRobert Browning’s My Last Duchess Essay2367 Words   |  10 PagesBrowning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess,† written in 1842, is an intriguing poem that reveals an unexpected interpretation when closely analyzed. The poem is based upon actual incidents that occurred in the life of Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara. The first wife of Ferrara, Lucrezia, mysteriously died in 1561 with many speculations afterwards that it was supposedly Ferrara who murdered her. The poem takes place in media res of the Duke consulting and arranging his second marriage. A portrait of the former Duchess is pointedRead More Compare and contrast Porphyrias lover and My last Duchess Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesand contrast Porphyrias lover and My last Duchess â€Å"Porphyrias lover† and My Last Duchess are similar in many ways, they are both written by Robert Browning. In â€Å"My Last Duchess† the speaker is an Italian Duke who is speaking to the ambassador of a count, whose daughter he hopes, to marry. The Duke is trying to impress the counts representative by showing him around his gallery and the painting of his last Duchess. He openly speaks about having his last Duchess murdered, because she did notRead More My Last Duchess by Robert Browning Essay2275 Words   |  10 PagesMy Last Duchess by Robert Browning In his poem â€Å"My Last Duchess†, Robert Browning gives his readers a complex picture of his two main characters. The Duke, who narrates the poem, is the most immediately present but Browning sets him up to ultimately lose the reader’s trust. The Duchess becomes the sympathetic character, a victim of foul play. It is through the various representations of the Duchess within the poem that we come to know both characters. The representations of the Duchess,Read MoreEssay on Murder, Mystery and Intrigue in My Last Duchess909 Words   |  4 PagesMurder, mystery and intrigue all describe Robert Brownings poem, My Last Duchess. From the speakers indirect allusions to the death of his wife the reader is easily lead to think that the speaker committed a vengeful crime out of jealousy. His elaborate speech confuses and disguises any possible motives, and the mystery is left unsolved. Even if he did not kill his wife, he certainly has something to hide. Based on the poem s historical references, style and structure, the Dukes controlling

Themes Of Animal Farm” by George Orwell Essay Sample free essay sample

Although Orwell aims his sarcasm at dictatorship—Communism. Fascism. and Capitalism—Animal Farm has its construction mostly based on the events of the Russian Revolution that took topographic point between 1917 and 1944. when Orwell was composing the novelette. Much of what happens in the novelette symbolically describes specific developments in the history of Russian Communism. and several of the carnal characters are based on existent participants in the Russian Revolution. Due to the cosmopolitan relevancy of the novella’s subjects. we do non necessitate to possess an encyclopaedic cognition of Marxist Leninism or Russian history in order to appreciate Orwell’s sarcasm of them. Subjects are the cardinal and frequently cosmopolitan thoughts investigated in a literary work. Animal Farm is most celebrated in the West as a rough analysis of the history and linguistic communication of the Russian Revolution. Reciting the narrative of the outgrowth and develo pment of Soviet communism in the signifier of an carnal fabrication. Animal Farm allegorizes the rise to power of the dictator Joseph Stalin. In the novelette. the overthrow of the human oppressor Mr. Jones by a democratic alliance of animate beings rapidly gives manner to the consolidation of power among the hogs. Much like the Soviet clerisy. the pigs set up themselves as the governing category in the new society. The battle for domination between Leon Trotsky and Stalin emerges in the hostility between the hogs Snowball and Napoleon. In both the historical and fictional instances. the idealistic but politically less powerful figure ( Trotsky and Snowball ) is expelled from the radical province by the wicked and violent supplanter of power ( Stalin and Napoleon ) . The purgings and show tests with which Stalin eliminated his enemies and solidified his political base happen look in Animal Farm as the false confessions and executings of animate beings whom Napoleon distrusts following the prostration of the windmill. Stalin’s oppressive regulation and eventual forsaking of the founding rules of the Russian Revolutio n are represented by the pigs’ bend to violent authorities and the acceptance of human traits and behaviors. the furnishings of their original oppressors. Although Orwell believed strongly in socialist ideals. he felt that the Soviet Union realized these ideals in a awfully bad signifier. His novelette creates its most powerful sarcasms in the minutes in which Orwell depicts the corruptness of Animalist ideals by those in power. For Animal Farm serves non so much to reprobate dictatorship or absolutism as to impeach the dismaying lip service of dictatorships that base themselves on. and owe their initial power to. political orientations of release and equality. The gradual decomposition and perversion of the Seven Commandments illustrates this lip service with graphic force. as do Squealer’s lucubrate philosophical justifications for the pigs’ blatantly unprincipled actions. Therefore. the novelette analyses the force of the Stalinist authorities against the human existences it ruled. and besides points to Soviet communism’s force against human logic. linguistic communication. and ideals. Animal Farm offers comment ary on the development of category dictatorship and the human inclination to keep and re-establish category constructions even in societies that purportedly stand for entire equality. The novelette illustrates how categories that are ab initio unified in the face of a common enemy. as the animate beings are against the worlds. may go internally divided when that enemy is eliminated. The ejection of Mr. Jones creates a power vacuity. and it is merely so long before the following oppressor assumes autocratic control. The natural division between rational and physical labor rapidly comes to show itself as a new set of category divisions. with the â€Å"brainworkers† ( as the hogs claim to be ) utilizing their superior intelligence to command society to their ain benefit. Orwell neer clarifies in Animal Farm whether this negative province of personal businesss constitutes an built-in facet of society or simply an result dependant on the unity of a society’s clerisy. In either instance. the novelette points to the force of this inclination toward category stratification in many communities and the menace that it poses to democracy and freedom. One of the novella’s most impressive actions is its portrayal non merely of the figures in power but besides of the laden people themselves. Animal Farm is non told from the point of view of any peculiar character. though on occasion it does steal into Clover’s consciousness. Rather. the narrative is told from the point of position of the common animate beings as a whole. Innocent. loyal. and hardworking. these animate beings give Orwell a opportunity to chalk out how state of affairss of subjugation arise non merely from the motivations and programs of the oppressors but besides from the simpleness of the oppressed that are non needfully in a place to be better educated or informed. When presented with a job. Boxer prefers non to perplex out the deductions of assorted possible actions but alternatively to reiterate to himself. â€Å"Napoleon is ever right. † Animal Farm demonstrates how the inability or involuntariness to oppugn authorization condemns the working category to endure the full extent of the opinion class’s subjugation. One of Orwell’s cardinal concerns. both in Animal Farm and in 1984. is the manner in which linguistic communication can be used as an instrument of control. In Animal Farm. the hogs bit by bit twist and alter an look of socialist revolution to warrant their behavior and to maintain the other animate beings in the dark. The animate beings heartily grip Major’s airy ideal of socialism. but after Major dies. the hogs bit by bit twist the significance of his words. As a consequence. the other animate beings seem unable to oppose the hogs without besides opposing the ideals of the Rebellion. By the terminal of the novelette. after Squealer’s repeated reconfigurations of the Seven Commandments in order to let the pigs’ perfidies. the chief rule of the farm can be openly stated as â€Å"all animate beings are equal. but some animate beings are more equal than others. † This shocking abuse of the word â€Å"equal† and of the ideal of equality in gene ral typifies the pigs’ method. which becomes progressively bold as the novel progresses. Orwell’s fashionable disclosure of this abuse of linguistic communication remains one of the most compelling and digesting characteristics of Animal Farm.

Self Esteem and Culture in a Learning Environment

Illinois District 17 House Race 2002 essays

Illinois District 17 House Race 2002 essays Extra! Extra! Donald Manzullo will retain his seat in the House in Illinois 16th District In the 2002 election for the United States House seat in the 16th district of Illinois Donald Manzullo will be re-elected on Nov. 5th. Manzullo has held the seat since 1992 and is being challenged by a relatively unknown democratic candidate named John Kutsch. Not only does Manzullo have the bigger name, but also the districts demographics mark it as mainly republican. Kutsch also had very little money to run with and little or no endorsements. I believe that Manzullo will win re-election for many reasons, one being the fact that he has the bigger name against a relatively unknown candidate. On Kutschs website he includes many factoids that suggest that he has little money, he says that he drives a car from 1985 and also notes that there have been times in his life when he could not provide his family with insurance. He intends to use them to show that he is a hardworking man that will not be and hasnt been influenced by those with money. While it may support his argument it also proves that he has very little money, which could be used to launch mail and TV campaign ads. This lack of money will result in his inability to get his name out to constituents who have re-elected Manzullo since 1992. This inability to get his name out will also result in his losing of the election. The demographics of the 16th district also heavily favor Manzullo and the republicans. First off, the district is 93% white, that is usually and indicator that they will vote republican. The district also ranks in the upper third of the nation with a $34,668 median household income, another indicator that it will vote republican. The state is also largely farmers and only has a population consisting of 5% blacks. All of the facts are reinforcing-cleavages that prove that the district is more inclined to vote republican in the upco...

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drama - Essay Example â€Å"Well, all right. (Pause) Let’s see. (He reads.) I find that I am sexist. That I am  elitist. I’m not sure I know what that means, other than it’s a derogatory word, meaning â€Å"bad.† (Mamet, 2004). Also invasive in the play is the playwright’s use of the telephone, which never stops ringing and interrupting the characters, especially at key points of tension. â€Å"in class I†¦ (He picks up the phone.)  Ã‚  (Into phone:) Hello.  Ã‚  I can’t talk now.  Ã‚  Jerry?  Ã‚  Yes?  Ã‚  I underst †¦ I can’t talk now.  Ã‚  I know †¦ I know †¦ Jerry.  I can’t  talk  now† (Mamet, 2004). Mamet chooses the phone and office because they represent John’s threatened work life, and also, in the case of the phone, to introduce a sort of third, unintelligible, character. The use of the office changes between Act I and Act II of the play, but its purpose remains essentially the same: it is the space of tension in the play, as the audience tries to figure out what happened, and whether or not Carol was harassed. The office also informs the behavior of the characters, such as John’s patronizing, self-aggrandizing tone. â€Å"That I That I insist on wasting time, in nonprescribed, in self-aggrandizing and theatrical diversions  from the prescribed  text  that these have taken both sexist and pornographic forms here we find listed† (Mamet, 2004). When they are immersed in the world of the office that Mamet creates, the audience has to pay attention to the dialog and relationship between the characters. They are not distracted by different sets and a lot of decorations; the drama becomes the focal point. â€Å"All right?  Ã‚  I’m sure it’s going to be †¦ (Pause)  Ã‚  I hope so.  Ã‚  (Pause)  Ã‚  I love you, too.  Ã‚  (Pause)  Ã‚  I love you, too.  Ã‚  As soon as †¦ I will. (He hangs up.)† (Mamet, 2004). The office is also a space which, even though it technically remains the same, changes between Act I and Act II in terms of the way in which the audience sees

Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Religion - Research Paper Example A shaman is an individual considered as having access to, and power in, the world of malevolent and benevolent spirits, who normally gets into a state of trance during a ritual and practices healing and divination (Kehoe 3). Rituals play a significant role in establishing and sustaining group solidarity. In totemic communities, each descent group has a plant, animal or geographical element through which they claim descent (Baldick 33). Totems are at the peak of ancestor of clans. Clan members cannot kill or devour their totem, except after one year when the clan members assembled for ceremonies in honor of the totem (Baldick 33). Totemism is a religion wherein elements of nature perform as sanctified templates for society through means of emblematic association. They express their religion by using nature as a model for society. Each and every descent cluster has a totem, which inhabits a particular niche in nature. Also, social differences echo the natural arrangement of the environment (Baldick 34). For instance, the Ahimsa of the Hindu doctrine of nonviolence (a religion that is well known to practice Totemism) forbids the murdering of animals. Finally, totems express their religions through intimate association of friendship and defense between an individual and a natural object or a specific animal (at times, between an individual and different species of animals); the natural object can offer unique power to its holder (Baldick 34). Shamanism is comprehended by some individuals to be a prehistoric form of religio-magic or religion practiced by the aboriginals of the northern part of Asia and by all other aboriginals in other areas of the globe (Kehoe 56). This view is held by Kharuzin, Mikhailowski, as well as other Russian scholars (Kehoe 56). Others argue that Shamanism was merely one form of religious expression of the cult of the northern part of

Implementing the Data Protection Act in Childcare

Implementing the Data Protection Act in Childcare Choose and evaluate four of the 8 Data Protection Act principles, providing examples of how these would be implemented in a child care setting. 5.1 DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 Anyone who keeps records whether on computer or on paper must apply with this act. It should be clear to service user for what purpose the data are being kept. Information about a child should also be accessible to parents and shared with them. It is not compulsory just do on their demand. Information should not be kept for longer than necessary, though accident and incident records will be need to be kept in case they are needed for references at some time in future. Records must be stored securely. THE 4 DATA PROTECTION ACT PRINCIPALS AND HOW TO IMPLEMENT IT IN A CHILDCARE PROCESSED FAIRLY AND LAWFULLY It is very important that personal data should be processed fairly. In practice you must legitimate grounds for collection and using the personal data. You must not use the data in way that have unjustified adverse effects on the individual concerned. You must be transparent about how to use the data and privacy notices when they collecting their data. You make sure you do not do anything unlawful with the date. OBTAINED FOR SPECIFIED LAWFUL PURPOSES This data is clearly linked with first data protection. If you obtain personal data for an unlawful purpose then you will be in breach of both first and second data protection. For example to implement this data in you setting you must be clear from the outsets about why you are collecting personal data and what you intend to do with it. You must comply what act says about notifying given to the information commissnor. ADEQUATE, RELEVANT AND NOT EXCESSIVE The data protection does not define these words, clearly though they need to be considered. For examples a debt collection agency is engaged to find a particular debt. Its collects information several of people with similar name. During the inquiry some of these people are discounted. Company should delete most of the data, just keep minimum data. If you need to hold particular information about certain individual only you should collect it just for those individual. The information is likely to be excessive and irrelevant in relevant to other people. ACCURATE AND UP TO DATE The law recognise that it may not be practical to double check the accuracy of every item of personal data you receive. So the act make special provision about the accuracy that information that individual provides about themselves. When you go through this data protection you should take reasonably steps to ensure the accuracyof any personal you obtain, make sure that the any personal data is clear and carefully consider whether it is necessary to update the information. Evaluate the need for accurate, legible and up-to-date record keeping, and identify the consequences of non-compliance. 5.2 ACCURATE LEGIBLE AND UP TO RECORD KEEPING INFORMATION WITH NON COMPLIANCES When you start a business as a child care that it is very important to keep accurate and complete records. Your business record should include; You should have keep record banking information You must need a proof of income You need to keep a proof of expenses that how much you spend on their food and stuff You need to be organised, keep your records up to date and then hold on to them for seven tax years. Good records are important for your business because; They can make filling in your tax returns easier and quicker They can make it quicker for your tax agent or accountant to do your book and save your money. They can give you the information you need to manage your business and help it grow, and make it easier to get a loan. Tax record is a legal requirement to running a business. LEGIBILITY Legibility mean all information should be correct, readable and clearly. So following steps could be helpful for legible record keeping; All written information should be neat clean and use in black ink because it is clearer to read and photocopies. It is more important that handwriting should be legible. If it is not readable someone can misunderstanding. If someone changes to documentation such as medication form, parents permission form, it must be signed and dated. White correction fluid should not be use over the mistake, just crossed with a line. UP TO DATE INFORMATION Always make sure in your childcare setting that you have up to date information of their present address, telephone numbers, emergency contract and doctor’s telephone number or any changes of food requirements. As a childcare provider make sure that implement an effective procedure to meet the individually needs of child when administering medicines. For more progress we have to keep written record of child’s need for medication and ask parents to update regularly. Always keep written record of all medicines and inform to parents when medicines has been given including the time, date and dosage. As a professional it is your responsibility to keep children safe in your setting, so you should regularly update and practice with fire evacuation procedures. You suppose to be record dates and time of every fire drill. Explain the different ways of recording digital and paper records in the child care setting. 5.3 BASIC INFORMATION OF RECORD Before child coming in nursery or school basic information must be filled in. Supervisor should be explained to parents that this information will be treated with confidentially and that will be stored safely. The record will be reviewed regularly and kept up to date with parents’ help. Supervisor collects all information from parents. DIFFERENT WAYS OF RECORDING – It is very important to make sure that there is enough reliable methods of backing up the data are employed so that if the computer malfunction or becomes damaged the files can be easly be returned on another system. There are so many ways to keep record by digital and paper record; DIGITAL DATA It is important that Data should be reliably, adequately accurately recorded on computer. Always make sure that all information of recording has been saved which could be about their behavior, development areas or any learning areas. As a childcare provider you should not allow to discuss personal information with other staff member or observation by staff on any confidentially matters, child protection matters, development concerns or any behavior concerns. And also keep up to date information on behavior issues. This type of information supposes to be record on laptop, on hard disk-computer, or Ipad and keep up to date regularly with parents. These digital data should be stored safely secured on the hardware device and a central server. It should be protect by the secret password. Children should not allow using same computer or desktop which have a confidential files. The education facility must also ensure that, as well as sufficient password protection on all devices containing personal information, that the central server repository is also sufficiently secured. Strict IT policies must be in place on devices containing personal information, to ensure that they are adequately protected when the device leaves the confines of the childcare setting. PAPER RECORDING –Data protection policies apply equally as they do to data on ICT or on paper records. Paper records can have less strict safeguards, especially if not kept securely locked. Therefore, It is very important that all files should be locked in a safe environment with limited access to authorized people only and out of the reach of children. Paper files should be clearly written (especially if handwritten), readable and disposed of in the correct manner (a document management process should be in place). When paper files are transferred to another department, they should be recorded so there is traceability of their movements. Identify the primary types of data storage for digital and paper records, and evaluate the best option for a home childcare setting. 5.4 PRIMARY TYPES OF DATA STORAGES There are two type of data; primary and secondary data. Primary type of data means that memory which can be stored for short time.RAM and CACHE are best examples of primary data storages. RAM(random access memory) and cache works together because RAM have no enough place for more storages but it can be fast access rate of random memory. CACHE is part of random access memory. It can be use to speeding up. So that’s why it is high and faster than reading or writing from main memory. Most of the PCU have three type of cache like- instruction cache, data cache and translation look side buffer. PRIMARY DATA STORAGES FOR DIGITAL – It means memory which can be record on computer. CPU is the main part of computer to store information.CPU regularly reads instruction which is keep record there and it produce where it need. Today’s modern random access memory is popular .It is small size but expensive. It is also known as a volatile. There are two more kind of primary data: processor register and processor cache. Processor register holds word of data and more much faster. Processor cache is slower but greater storages capability then processor registers. PRIMARY DATA STORAGES FOR PAPER RECORD -It is very important that you look after your record in your child care setting because it is part of daily routine by the law. The primary data should be recorded for three years As childcarer you ensure that how long to keep it and what should you do when you no need it. You should work with record management and department of file plan. As a childcarer you have to make decision that can access the records because each department of records need confidentially and securely information. As a childcare you should provide guidance to that department who is packing, preparing of record and ensure that records management is handling of all materials properly. Rate the best option Paper record is the best option for the home childcare setting because it is more valuable and secure then digital. When you are going to start your own business as a childcare setting you have to make plan ahead. Ensure that there is enough file rooms. All files should be maintained properly in the office or secure place. when you keep paper record you have to record everything for example: in emergency or any accident happened you have record all details in the accident book and make it for parents to sign, provide a copy for parents. Second thing paper record is more real then digital. Even digital is faster, more easily but still paper record is more secure. Proper records management requires you to know which copy is your ‘‘copy of record’’. Once a copy of record has been established, the other copy can be destroyed safely. So ensure that the information how long to keep it in your record. In this UNIT I did try to explain about data protection act 1998, how to implement it into childcare setting, record keeping information, deferent ways of recording, primary types of data storages and evaluate of paper records. References www.dataprotection.ie www.en.wikipedia.org. www.ehow.com. www.computerhope.vom www.buzzle.com www.dartmouth.com www.ico.org.uk www.irdgovt,cznz

Flannery OConnor’s The Enduring Chill :: OConnor Enduring Chill Essays

Flannery O'Connor’s The Enduring Chill Flannery O'Connor’s story, "The Enduring Chill." focuses on Asbury, a young man who fancies himself as a writer but who is convinced he is going to die young. Right from the very start we have the feeling that, as in the other stories, Christ/God is present through the figure of the sun: The sky was a chill gray and a startling white gold sun, like some strange potentate from the east, was rising beyond the black woods that surrounded Timberboro. (82) As the story proceeds it centres on the relationships between Asbury, his mother and Dr Block who attends Asbury and Asbury's growing conviction that he is shortly going to die, hence the title of the story, "The Enduring Chill." Another major symbol in the development of Asbury's obsession figures through the watermark or the water stain on the ceiling of Asbury's bedroom: When she was gone, he lay for some time staring at the water stains on the gray walls. Descending from the top moulding, long icicle shapes had been etched by leaks and, directly over his bed on the ceiling, another leak had made a fierce bird with spread wings. It had an icicle crosswise in its beak and there were smaller icicles depending from its wings and tail. It had been there since his childhood and had always irritated him and sometimes had frightened him. He had often had the illusion that it was in motion about to descend mysteriously and set the icicle on his head. He closed his eyes and thought: I won't have to look at it for many more days. And presently he went to sleep. (93) Clearly what is being suggested here is the peace of the Holy Ghost. In what is the climatic centre of the story, Asbury has a visit from a Roman Catholic Priest who accuses him of ignorance: "How can the Holy Ghost fill your soul when it's full of trash?" the Priest roared. "The Holy Ghost will not come until you see yourself as you are-a lazy ignorant conceited youth!" he said, pounding his fist on the little bedside table. (107) This is confirmed as the story proceeds because we find out that Asbury isn't really that sick at all: he only has a form of undulant fever and is going to live. At the very end of the story Asbury seems to give up his aspiration to be a great writer as he accepts the presence and power of Christ instead:

The Difference Between Natural Law and Legal Positivism

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL LAW AND LEGAL POSITIVISM This essay is going to discuss and analyse the differences between two basic principles- natural law and legal positivism. According to Hume, there are two realms of human enquiry , one in the field of facts which is concerned with what ‘ is ‘ actually the case and the other in the field of ‘ought’ that is, what ought to be the case1.Those who believe in the principle of natural law are known as naturalists while those who believe in the principle of legal positivism or ‘positive law’ are known as positivists. This is a brief overview of the two principles of natural law and legal positivism. Natural Law Natural Law started with the ancient Greeks and suggested that there was a higher power in control of human existence. Natural law deals with the combination of law and morals and is sourced from religion, culture and reason. It is the means by which human beings can rationally guide themsel ves to their good and it is based on the structure of reality itself.All human beings possess a basic knowledge of the principles of natural law. Naturalists believe ‘ an unjust law is not a law’. Doherty said ‘One of the classical theories of natural law is that there are certain principles of human conduct, awaiting discovery by human reason, with which man-made laws must conform if it is to be valid’2 Natural law is what ‘ought’ to be. Some natural law thinkers were Hobbes, Locke, Finnis, Fuller and Aquinas. Aquinas set the pattern of modern natural law thinking. He divided law into four categories-eternal law, divine law, natural law and human law.The first precept of the natural law, according to Aquinas, is the imperative to do good and avoid evil. ‘Aquinas believed that human laws that do not correspond to the natural law are corruptions of law. These are human laws that lack the character of law that binds moral conscience’ 3 The term ‘natural law’is ambiguous in that it refers to a type of moral theory as well as a legal theory. 1 2 Dennis Lloyd The Idea Of Law(1964)p. 80 Michael Doherty Jurispudence:The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2004)p. 132 3 Ibid p. 151 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9BLegal Positivism Legal positivism has to do with the seperation of laws and morals. ‘Legal positivism is a philosophy of law that emphasizes the conventional nature of law-that it is socially constructed. According to legal positivism, ‘law is synonymous with positive norms, that is, norms made by the legislator or considered as common law or case law’4 Some positivists were Bentham, Austin, Hart and Kelsen and they all had different theories. Bentham- utility, Austin- commands, Hart- rules, Kelsen- norms. Legal positivism is of the view that morality is irrelevant to the identification of what is valid law.Bentham referred to natural law is ‘nonsense on stilts’. He said the test of good or evil in an act is its utility and that the ‘greatest happiness of the greatest number’ is the social test of what is moral conduct. Austin’s particular theory of law is often called the ‘command theory’ The three basic points of Austin’s theory were- the law is a command issued by the uncommanded commander , the commands are backed by threats and a sovereign is one who is habitually obeyed. Kelsen was of the view that the only law is positive law, that which is the product of the will of the people, there are no natural laws therefore.Positivists believe that law is linked with the sovereignty. ‘According to Bentham and Austin, law is a phenomenon of large societies with a sovereign: a determinate person or group who have supreme and absolute de facto power –they are obeyed by all or most others but do not themselves simi larly obey anyone else’5 Positivists say ‘ought’ is important but should be seperate and one should avoid trying to derive an ought from an is. Natural lawyers believe that law is necessarily connected to morality, whereas legal positivists deny that. This is the major difference between positivist and natural law thinkers.Natural law is the combination of laws and morals while legal positivism is the seperation of laws and morals. Legal positivism declares that morality is irrelevant to the identification of what is valid law and that the criteria for the validity of a legal rule or law in a society is that it has the warrant of the sovereign and will be enforced by the sovereign and its agents. Raz, a positivist, stated that ‘the validity of a law can never depend on its morality’ 6 Positive law or positivism is 4 5 www. iep. utm. edu/legalpos/ [April 17 2001][accessed 4th November 2012] Plato. tandford. edu/entries/legal-positivism/ [2003][accesse d 4th November 2012] 6 Joseph Raz The Authority Of Law: Essays On Law And Morality(1979)p. 47 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B different from natural law because ‘ it calls for a certain measure of regularity of observance for without this feature, it would hardly be entitled to rank as law at all. A natural law on the other hand may stll be held to be valid even if it is never or scarcely even observed. 7 Legal positivism will only work in a community where it is widely accepted. Hart suggested that the legal system is a ‘closed’ logical system where decisions may be deduced by logic. For natural lawyers- laws will be morally correct. For positivists- the moral aspect is a social standard for people to aspire to. Another major difference between the principle of natural law and the principle of legal positivism is that natural law is not constructed by human beings while legal p ositivism is constructed by humanbeings through the statedraws from lawmakers and the process of lawmaking. There are two aspects, therefore, that emphasise the contrast between positivism in its caricatured form and natural law theores. First,law is exclusively the premise of the legal caste(incluing legilsators) This deprives law of any spurious claims of intrinsic morality and ensures the individual’s right to his own conscience, while reserving the legal system’s right to punish him for transgressing. Secondly, it allows for precise statements about the nature of valid law which approximate to the lawyers’ experience. 8 Natural law is unwritten while legal positivism consists of the written rules and regulations by the government- codes, acts. Another distinction is that natural law is ‘the order of conviviality(literally, the order of living together)’9 – the conditions of conviviality are universal. Legal positivism on the other hand is specific to a particular area. ‘While positivism states that the concept of law is simply what the legal system in a given society recognizes as law, naturalisation considers law to be an ideal, commonly shared by human societies’10Natural law follows a test.If it fails the moral test, then it is not good law. Positivism doesn’t follow that test. Some laws may lack in morals but still be ‘good’ law. Despite the distinctions between natural law and legal positivism, there is a necessary connection between the two principles. Natural law flows into legal 7 8 Dennis Lloyd The Idea of Law(1964)p. 97 Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 155 9 http://users. ugent. e/frvandun/Texts [no date][accessed 4th November 2012] 10 Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 155 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B po sitivism indirectly because it is impossible to have a legal system without fidelity to the rule of law and formal justice. ‘The connection between law and critical morality is necessary in that it is not contingent. It applies to every law and every legal system.The proposed interpretation of every law in every legal system can easily be challenged on the ground that it is not morally defensible, whether the challenge succeeds or fails in a particular instance’11Any positive law that conflicts with natural law is not really law at all. As a result of this, there is no moral or legal obligation to obey it. People will not follow a law that they think is morally repulsive. A rule is legally valid if there’s a moral right to enforce it. If people do not have morals or reason, it will be factually hard to have a legal system.Radbruch said ‘a law could not be legally valid until it had passed the tests contained in the formal criteria of legal validity of the s ystem and did not contravene basic principles of morality’12 Natural law and legal positivism are undoubtedly interwined and inter-related. ‘The values of fairness, equity, justice, honesty, humanity, dignity, prudence, abstention from violence and a host of other values that conduce to cooperation and coexistence play a prominent role in the law even when they are not incorporated in any formal source of law. 13 In conclusion,’in order to know what your legal rights are, you need to look at what laws your society has. In order to know what your moral rights are, you need to figure out what is the true morality. ’ 14 Adaeze Aseme. 11 12 Users. ox. ac. uk/~all. s0079/positivism2. pdf [no date][accessed 4th November 2012] Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 157 13 Ibid. P. 39 14 Michael Doherty Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2004)p. 39 UP:05/11/2012-03:15:35 WM:05/11/2012-03:15:38 M:IA120-3-FY A:12a1 R:1204531 C:78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9BBIBLIOGRAPHY Books Lloyd, Dennis, The Idea Of Law(1967) Raz, Joseph, The Authority Of Law: Essays on Law And Morality(1979) Doherty, Michael, Jurispudence: The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003,2004) Internet Sources www. iep. utm. edu/legalpos/ [April 17 2001][accessed 4th November 2012] Plato. standford. edu/entries/legal-positivism/ [2003][accessed 4th November 2012] http://users. ugent. be/frvandun/Texts [no date][accessed 4th November 2012] Users. ox. ac. uk/~all. s0079/positivism2. pdf [no date][accessed 4th November 2012]

The Great Depression - 1368 Words

After WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations that we can associate with impressionism or surrealism and combined them to create a more realistic style of narrative filmmaking. Therefore these films stylistic techniques have been influenced by the political and economical historical contexts that took place in France that has enhanced these films aesthetic. The growth of political awareness had then reflected in the films of this time, thus the enormous historical impact that effected France’s films and industry. The que stion can be asked, how did these social, political and economic issues of France at the time come thought the arts and cinema and start a very impactful thread of films. Before WW1 and The Great Depression France dominated international film screens, especially in 1929 when the coming of sound really boosted their industry, people were extremely interested in hearing the French dialogue. The French film industry was thriving; they had a very high demand for films, which then meant the demand for theaters wereShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nation’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression 1232 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. 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You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It caused families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,† is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great Depression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of immigrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come toRead MoreThe Great Depression1698 Words   |  7 Pages The 1930s was one of the most challenging times in US history, where the Great Depression caused millions of Americans to suffer through hardships because of the economy. Many people were out of work and unemployed, and the government at the time, believed that the best option was to stay out of its affairs, leaving the struggling people hung out to dry. It was not until Franklin Roosevelt was elected president, that th e state of the country began to change. And that was due to the creation of the